Roth vs. traditional IRA
Deciding between a Roth or traditional IRA can be tricky because you need to predict a number of different variables. To make a perfect decision and avoid taxes on brokerage account earnings, you'd need to know your income, marginal tax bracket, and investment returns, now and into the future. If you're five years away from retirement, you can project these kinds of things with relative precision. If you're 40 years from retirement, it's not so easy.
A common rule of thumb is that Roth IRAs are better suited to younger investors as an investment account for retirement. This is because they're likely to earn more as they age, and could pay higher taxes in retirement than they do in the present.
Roth IRAs also have some other important advantages, like the ability to withdraw your original contributions (but not any investment gains) at any time for any reason without penalty. This is helpful if you need to withdraw money for an emergency, for example. Roth IRAs don't have any required minimum distributions (RMDs), while traditional IRAs require you to start taking out money at age 73, according to current law.
Soon-to-be retirees are likely in their prime earning years and may be paying higher taxes now than they will in retirement. As such, a traditional IRA might suit them better. Some people divide and conquer, putting part of their savings in a Roth account and another part in a traditional account so as to diversify their tax exposure. There isn't a one-size-fits-all answer for how to approach Roth vs. traditional accounts.
If you're new to investing, the main takeaway is that you're likely to come out ahead by deferring or avoiding taxes on brokerage account investments. You can do so with a traditional IRA or a Roth account. Plus, tax-advantaged accounts save you some trouble at tax time compared to a taxable brokerage account.
Taxable brokerage accounts
An ordinary brokerage account that is not a retirement account is a taxable investment account. If you make money because your investments go up in value, or because your investments pay you dividends or interest, this income will be taxed. The taxes on brokerage account income depends on the type and source of the gains or investment income you earn. However, unlike with retirement accounts, you can withdraw from your taxable brokerage account whenever you want, without any penalties.
Capital gains
The most basic way to make money investing is the old-fashioned way: by purchasing a stock, fund, or other investment and selling it later for more money. You know the mantra -- "buy low, sell high."
Money you earn from capital gains is taxed at different rates depending on how long you held the investment. Gains on investments you held for one year or less before selling them are "short-term capital gains." The taxes on brokerage account short-term gains are taxed as ordinary income.
Holding an asset for more than one year gets you favorable tax treatment on the gains when you sell. For instance, if you buy a stock for $10, hold it for 18 months, and then sell it for $15, you will have $5 of long-term capital gains. Taxes on long-term capital gains can range from 0% to 20% depending on your tax bracket. But they're almost always lower than what you'd pay on short-term capital gains or ordinary taxable income. This is to reward people for investing for the long haul rather than speculating on short-term price movements.
Dividends
Companies often pay out a portion of their earnings in the form of cash dividends to their shareholders to reward them for being part owners of a profitable business. Dividend income from your stock and mutual fund is taxed in two different ways. How dividends are taxed depends on the type of dividend you receive.
- Qualified dividends. The vast majority of dividends paid by public companies are qualified dividends. This means they qualify to be taxed as a long-term capital gain. There are certain rules about how long you must own a stock to benefit from the lower tax rate on qualified dividends. But the key thing is that qualified dividends are taxed at lower, long-term capital gains tax rates.
- Unqualified dividends. Some companies do not pay corporate taxes on their profits, and thus the dividends they pay to investors are "unqualified dividends" that are taxed as ordinary income. This generally applies to real estate investment trusts (REITs), master limited partnerships (MLPs), and business development companies (BDCs).
Interest income
You may earn interest on any investment, and you'll generally pay taxes on brokerage account interest income. This could be from a bond, certificate of deposit, or just from holding cash in your brokerage account, the income is generally taxed as ordinary income. There are two common exceptions to this rule, however.
- U.S. Treasuries. If you lend money to the U.S. government by purchasing U.S. Treasuries, the income you earn is taxed at the federal level, but it is not subject to state or local income tax.
- Municipal bonds. Interest earned from municipal bonds is generally exempt from taxation at the federal level. In many cases, it's also exempt from state and local taxes, resulting in no tax liability for the investor.
