Dividend stocks can be a great way to generate passive income. The best ones consistently increase their dividends per share each year.
However, not all companies can routinely increase their dividends. One differentiating factor is the dividend payout ratio. Here's a closer look at this crucial metric for dividend investing.
Dividend payout ratio formula
A company's dividend payout ratio is the percentage of that company's earnings that it pays out to its investors as dividend income. The dividend payout ratio formula is:
Total Annual Dividend Payments ÷ Annual Earnings = Dividend Payout Ratio
Say a company earns $100 million this year and makes $50 million in dividend payments to its shareholders. In this case, its dividend payout ratio would be 50%.
What is a good dividend payout ratio?
Dividend payout ratios tend to vary by industry. Companies that operate in mature, slower-growing sectors that generate lots of relatively steady cash flow can have higher dividend payout ratios. They don't need to retain as much money to fund their business for things like opening new stores or building another factory. For financially strong companies in these industries, a good dividend payout ratio is less than 75% of their earnings.
However, companies in fast-growing sectors or those with more volatile cash flows and weaker balance sheets need a lower dividend payout ratio. Ideally, it should be below 50%.
What is a safe dividend payout ratio?
When you calculate dividends, you'll also want to calculate the dividend payout ratio. A safe dividend payout ratio varies by industry and a company's overall financial profile. For example, one company operating in a stable sector might safely maintain a high dividend payout ratio of 75% of its earnings because it has a strong balance sheet. On the other hand, a competitor in that same industry that has a weaker financial profile might not be able to sustain its dividend if it had a payout ratio that high.
Historically, the safest dividend payout ratio has been around 41%, according to research by Wellington Management and Hartford Funds. More dividend stocks with a payout ratio averaging around that level have outperformed the S&P 500 than those with other payout levels. That's because they can pay an attractive dividend yield while also retaining a significant amount of cash to expand their business. They can also use it on other shareholder-friendly activities such as share repurchases and debt repayment.
Is a high dividend payout ratio good?
A mistake many beginning investors make is to buy stocks with the highest dividend yields they can find. They assume that the higher yield will enable them to earn higher returns.
Unfortunately, that's not always the case. Many stocks with high yields also have a high dividend payout ratio. That potentially puts them at risk of a dividend reduction if business conditions deteriorate. Meanwhile, they're less likely to increase the amount of dividends paid since they have lower retained earnings. That gives them less wiggle room to increase their payout ratio.
A better approach is to buy stocks with a lower payout ratio even if it means sacrificing potential yield to ensure you own companies that can continue to pay dividends. These companies have more financial flexibility to invest in expanding their earnings, which will enable them to increase their dividends.
This is evident in the historical performance of dividend stocks:
| Grouping | Annual Average Returns (1973-2021) |
|---|---|
| Dividend growers and initiators | 10.7% |
| Equal-weighed S&P 500 Index | 8.2% |
| No change in dividend policy | 7.1% |
| Dividend cutters and eliminators | -0.5% |
Data source: Ned Davis Research and Hartford Funds.
As the table shows, companies that made no change to their dividend policy (e.g., they maintained their payout level) and those that either cut or eliminated their dividends have underperformed the S&P 500 over the past several decades.
On the other hand, companies that recently initiated a dividend and those that have routinely increased their dividends -- such as Dividend Achievers, Dividend Aristocrats, and Dividend Kings -- have outperformed the S&P 500 over the long term. That's why investors should seek out companies with a lower dividend payout ratio instead of a higher yield since they're more likely to increase their payouts.
Don't overlook the dividend payout ratio
The dividend payout ratio is a vital metric for dividend investors. It shows how much of a company's income it pays out to investors. The higher that number, the less cash a company retains to expand its business and its dividend.
Given the significant outperformance of dividend growth stocks, investors can use the dividend payout ratio to find companies with the flexibility to routinely reward them with more dividend income in the future.
