Greenwashing is the practice of using misleading or false environmental or sustainability claims to appeal to consumers or investors. Companies use greenwashing as a way to capitalize on rising consumer interest in environmental and social issues. One way they do this is by building marketing campaigns around green slogans whether or not these campaigns have any basis in reality.
First, the trends: In a 2021 global sustainability study by Simon-Kucher & Partners, 85% of respondents said they have shifted their purchasing behavior in the past five years to be more sustainable. According to a 2021 Morgan Stanley report, 99% of millennial investors and 79% of all investors were interested in sustainable investing. Consumers and investors are demanding sustainability and companies are responding. That’s the good news.
The other side of the story is less rosy. In 2021, the European Commission ran a cross-sector sweep of company websites to target greenwashing claims. They found that in 59% of websites checked, there was no evidence available to support claims of environmental benefits. In 42% of sites, the benefits were false, exaggerated, or deceptive. In 37% of cases, claims were vague or general. In other words, a lot of companies are trying to capitalize on the trend without putting in the work.
However, there are many companies taking steps toward corporate social responsibility or a positive environmental impact. Sustainable investors need to weed out greenwashed companies from committed businesses. This article covers how to spot greenwashing and how to find companies committed to people, planet, and profits.
What is greenwashing?
Greenwashing is any sort of false, misleading, or vague claim about the sustainable nature of a product or company. If the marketing campaigns cost more than the steps taken toward sustainability, it is a clear case of greenwashing. Some companies, for example, now place green leaves or green packaging on their products to make consumers believe they are working for the environment or sustainability.
The types of greenwashing are as varied as the companies creating them. Here are some common greenwashing techniques:
Misleading claims
Unless a term is regulated, claims such as “all natural,” “organic,” or “no harmful chemicals” may be used to mislead consumers. Food, supplements, cosmetics, and personal care product companies are frequent offenders when it comes to greenwashing claims. Other misleading claims can include “recycled,” “made with recycled materials,” “carbon-neutral,” “sustainable,” or “environmentally friendly.”
Irrelevant claims
Companies use irrelevant claims to appear better than competitors even though all products in the category have the same property. Examples are a laundry detergent free of a banned substance or a food product that is naturally without gluten sporting a “gluten-free” label.
Unsubstantiated claims
There are a vast number of regulated official seals, including certified B Corp, LEED-certified buildings, USDA Organic, and Energy Star. A company making a claim without a regulated third-party certification or other proof may be engaged in greenwashing.
Natural imagery
A verdant meadow or a pristine ocean landscape can conjure images of a positive environmental impact. Companies play on consumer psychology and automatic assumptions to create a sustainable public image that may be unsubstantiated.
Larger carbon footprints
Some companies will attempt to make green or vegan products while creating a larger carbon footprint. This is especially true of petroleum, clothing, and textile companies. Although the product may appear sustainable, check the overall effect. A variation on this theme is when companies reduce their carbon footprint in the U.S. while increasing emissions in other countries where they operate.
These misleading actions can influence consumers and investors by building a false sense of trust or shared goals. For sustainable investors, these companies may have none of the benefits of environmental, social and governance (ESG) such as reduced long-term potential risks. They also have a major downside -- a lack of transparency in reporting practices and marketing that can lead to additional risk or volatility in the future.
How greenwashing works
Greenwashing capitalizes on public awareness of, and enthusiasm for, pressing issues such as climate change and social justice. Since marketing is an unregulated field, many companies build effective marketing campaigns that lead the public to believe they are making a difference. These claims range from an exaggeration of impact to false claims or irrelevant information.
Greenwashing takes advantage of human psychology by delivering information in a way that portrays a green or eco-friendly image. Marketing professionals are skilled at creating an impression even if it is false or baseless. Eco-conscious investors need to be aware of the natural assumptions people tend to make when exposed to these marketing campaigns.
In some cases, the greenwashing campaign may seem like it involves harmless claims. However, such campaigns have two dangerous effects. First, they build consumer trust and market share for companies that are not taking action to combat the very serious issues of climate change and social injustice. Second, they lull investors into supporting companies that may actually be harming the environment more than competitors.
Examples of greenwashing
In 2015, Volkswagen (VWAGY) attracted greenwashing publicity for a low-emissions marketing campaign. The German automotive giant was cheating emissions tests with proprietary software that could detect when the test was being performed and temporarily reduce emissions. In real-world settings, those engines were emitting 40 times the allowed limit of pollutants.
While this is an extreme example of greenwashing, along with subverting EPA guidelines, Volkswagen is not alone. Here are examples of some of the most common greenwashing techniques in action:
Misleading or irrelevant claims
Food companies may claim their products are “all natural,” “GMO-free,” or “made with organic ingredients.” Other claims, such as a package of almonds advertising that they are “gluten-free,” “vegan,” or “low sugar,” may be technically true. However, almonds have always been a low-sugar, gluten-free, vegan food. The purpose of the labeling is to create a health halo and drive consumers’ purchasing decisions.
Clothing company Hennes & Mauritz (OTC:HNNMY) has been accused of similar greenwashing with its “conscious collection.” A 2021 report by the Changing Markets Foundation found 96% of H&M’s claims were misleading or vague. The report also noted that a significant percentage of the conscious collection uses synthetic products derived from petroleum, leading to a larger total carbon footprint.
Unsubstantiated claims
Cosmetic companies use similar greenwashing techniques. However, cosmetics and personal care products’ ingredients are not regulated in the U.S., making greenwashing even more difficult to discern. Look out for labels using terms such as “all natural,” “organic,” or “no harmful chemicals.” Consumers or investors can search the EPA’s product database to verify label claims.
BP (NYSE:BP) made greenwashing headlines along these lines after running an ad campaign about working toward cleaner energy. The company remains carbon-intensive. Its pledge to be carbon-neutral by 2050 is a good step, but more immediate action is needed to substantiate claims.
Carbon distraction
Oil companies have become notorious for greenwashing claims. This includes statements about a commitment to emission reduction in their home country while increasing emissions in other countries.
Shell (NYSE:SHEL) boosted its public profile by asking customers what they were willing to change to help reduce emissions. The campaign did not require Shell to reduce their carbon footprint or change their business model even though its activities account for more than 1% of global carbon emissions. Instead, the campaign was used as a greenwashing technique to distract consumers from Shell’s unsustainable practices.
Small steps
Companies also may use a small step toward sustainability to create a green or climate-forward company image. Starbucks (NASDAQ:SBUX) did this in 2018 when it began phasing out plastic straws, touting the move as the basis of a sustainability campaign. That may have been a step in the right direction, but it doesn’t make the coffee giant a sustainable company.
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How to spot greenwashing
If ESG investing is a priority, investors will need to do independent research. Look for consumer labels with clearly defined standards. These third-party certifications assure investors that companies have invested the resources into upholding established standards for their stated values.
The MSCI and Sustainalytics ESG Ratings are third-party certifications of companies related to environmental, social, and governance issues. MSCI rates more than 680,000 equity and fixed income securities and 8,500 companies globally. This ESG rating system scores companies on a scale of 0 to 10.0 and gives a corresponding rating from CCC to AAA. Leading ESG companies achieve ratings of AA or AAA.
ESG reporting can also offer insight into company practices and ESG priorities. However, there is not yet a standard reporting system, allowing companies to potentially greenwash their reports. Look for those using the most respected ESG reporting frameworks for their reports such as the TCFD, GRI, UNPRI, or SASB standards.
In summary, beware and do more research if you see any of the following greenwashing practices:
- Vague claims
- Unsubstantiated claims or slogans
- Irrelevant claims
- Lack of proof
- Lack of transparency
- Natural imagery
Investors have power in their hands. By learning to spot greenwashing, investors can support companies that meet sustainability metrics for corporate social responsibility and environmental impact as well as financial benchmarks.
